You, me, us – I think it is pretty logical to say that most of us had dreamt of becoming an astronaut in our childhood. Add ten years to that dream in real life and you may see that the astronaut dream is fading because of the sheer toughness and difficulty to become one. Undoubtedly it is one of those careers where one has to have that insane dedication. But let’s say nothing in the world interests you except becoming an astronaut for India and make the nation proud. You have your sights set on the stars, not a small feat, but with never-ending dedication and the right preparation, you can make it happen. So here’s a comprehensive breakdown of the entire process to the ultimate destination.
Academic Preparation:
Stream – Science is your friend! Focus on excelling in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics in your 10th and 12th standard exams. Class XIIth education must have physics and mathematics.
Bachelor’s Degree – Pursue a Bachelor’s degree in a relevant field from a recognized Indian university/college. Here are your strongest options:
Engineering – Aeronautical, Aerospace, Mechanical, or Electrical Engineering are among the preferred choices. Having a Tier-1 institute (IITs, NITs, BITS, JU etc.) on the resume would give a great edge for the application. (For more information on Tier-1 institutes, visit the NIRF rankings where the rankings are subject to change every year).
Computer Science – A CS degree with a specialization in robotics or automation could be valuable for future space missions. But computer science engineering in undergraduate from a reputed institute would be a great start. Candidates having mainstream engineering specializations have greater chances in the long run.
Candidates must have 60% aggregate throughout their Xth, XIIth and undergraduate curriculum.
Higher Degrees – Firstly master’s degree after the bachelor’s degree is not mandatory but in terms of competition with other candidates, people having higher education degrees will be given preference. Candidates having master’s degrees and PhD are given preference. Having these degrees in astrophysics, aerospace engineering or aeronautical engineering would be the most beneficial.
Professional experience – A candidate must have a relevant work experience of 3 years in fields such as aviation and aerospace, military service such as Air Force pilots.
Building Your Skills:
Pilot Training (Optional): While not essential, experience as a pilot, especially in the Indian Air Force (IAF), can be a major advantage. Look into IAF recruitment opportunities after your undergraduate studies.
Internships and Research Projects: Actively seek internships or research opportunities with ISRO, National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), or other relevant aerospace organizations. This demonstrates your passion and provides valuable hands-on experience.
So the basic numerics to keep in mind:
- 60% throughout the Xth, XIIth, undergrad academics.
- 3 years of relevant work experience.
- Minimum application age between 27 – 37 years (subject to change, although eligibility criteria revolves around this range)
- Height criteria – 157 cm (subject to change)
- Indian citizenship record
Health Criteria: While the exact eligibility in terms of candidate health for becoming an astronaut are not made public, the following are a must (gathered from verified open-source websites)
- Excellent physical health – You will need to be in your peak physical condition to withstand the rigors of spaceflight.
- Normal blood pressure and heart rate
- Perfectly good vision (no eye issues or illnesses, having spectacles for eye power issues will become a roadblock in your dream)
- Normal hearing and vestibular function
- Healthy respiratory system (completely free from chronic illnesses such as asthma)
- Good muscle strength, endurance and flexibility
- Optimum Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Any ongoing health issues that could pose risks during spaceflight would likely disqualify you.
- Mental and Emotional Fitness: You’ll undergo psychological evaluations to assess your ability to handle stress, isolation, and the demands of space missions.
Critical factors – Unfortunately, due to security reasons and the always evolving nature of the program, ISRO doesn’t publicly disclose the exact details of their written tests, online exams (if any, considering for early career starters), and interview procedures for astronaut selection. However, be prepared for some gruelling grilling. Engineering fundamentals, basic and advanced scientific knowledge, space science should be thorough and the candidate must possess problem solving skills, critical thinking, stress management and strong communication skills (at least fluent in English). You can expect to go through several interview rounds with different panels of experts which aim to assess your suitability for the astronaut program beyond technical knowledge. Your ability to think critically and come up with solutions under pressure, how you work effectively in a team, mindset of sound initiatives taken, your genuine interest in space exploration and commitment to the astronaut program and how clearly and concisely you express yourself – all will be tested.
Types of Training you will undergo
The training undergone by astronauts in India typically covers a wide range of disciplines to prepare them for the challenges of spaceflight. While specific training programs may vary depending on the mission objectives and the spacecraft involved, here are some general types of training commonly undertaken by astronauts:
Physical Fitness Training:
- Astronauts undergo rigorous physical fitness training to prepare their bodies for the physical demands of spaceflight.
- This includes cardiovascular exercises, strength training, flexibility exercises, and endurance workouts.
- Physical fitness is crucial for maintaining health, preventing muscle atrophy and bone density loss in microgravity, and ensuring readiness for extravehicular activities (spacewalks).
Spacecraft Systems Training:
- Astronauts receive comprehensive training on the systems and operations of the spacecraft they will be flying in.
- This training covers spacecraft navigation, propulsion systems, life support systems, environmental control systems, communication systems, and emergency procedures.
- Astronauts must become proficient in operating and troubleshooting spacecraft systems to ensure mission success and crew safety.
Microgravity Training:
- Since spaceflight involves operating in a microgravity environment, astronauts undergo training to adapt to this unique condition.
- Training may include parabolic flight simulations, also known as “zero-gravity” or “vomit comet” flights, which provide short periods of weightlessness similar to those experienced in space.
- Astronauts practice moving, working, and conducting experiments in microgravity to familiarize themselves with the challenges and opportunities of spaceflight.
EVA (Extravehicular Activity) Training:
- Astronauts undergo specialized training to perform extravehicular activities, or spacewalks, outside the spacecraft or space station.
- This training includes practicing procedures for donning and doffing spacesuits, manoeuvring in the vacuum of space, using tools and equipment, and conducting repairs and maintenance tasks.
- EVA training also emphasizes safety protocols, communication procedures, and emergency response techniques to mitigate risks associated with spacewalks.
Scientific Experiment Training:
- Astronauts participate in training programs to prepare them for conducting scientific experiments onboard the spacecraft or space station.
- This training involves familiarizing astronauts with the experimental equipment, protocols, and procedures specific to each scientific investigation.
- Astronauts learn how to collect data, perform analyses, and document results accurately while adhering to research objectives and timelines.
Survival Training:
- Astronauts undergo survival training to prepare for emergency situations that may arise during spaceflight or upon re-entry to Earth’s atmosphere.
- Training may include wilderness survival techniques, water survival exercises, fire safety drills, and medical emergency simulations.
- Astronauts learn how to respond effectively to emergencies, evacuate the spacecraft or space station if necessary, and mitigate risks to themselves and their crewmates.
Cultural and Language Training:
- If astronauts are part of international missions or collaborations, they may undergo cultural and language training to facilitate effective communication and collaboration with crewmates from different countries.
- Training may include language courses, cultural sensitivity workshops, and team-building exercises to promote mutual understanding and cooperation among diverse crew members.
Your Governing Bodies:
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO):
Primary Role: ISRO is the driving force behind astronaut selection and training in India. They handle the day-to-day execution of the astronaut program. This includes:
- Setting eligibility criteria for astronaut candidates.
- Conducting written exams, medical tests, psychological evaluations, interviews, and pilot skills tests (if applicable).
- Designing and implementing the comprehensive astronaut training program.
Department of Space (DoS):
Ultimate Authority: The DoS, a department under the Prime Minister’s Office, holds the ultimate authority over India’s space program, including astronauts. They provide the overall direction and funding for ISRO’s astronaut program.
Additional Considerations: Indian Air Force (IAF): While not a governing body, the IAF might play a collaborative role, especially if pilot experience is an eligibility criteria for a particular astronaut selection process. They could provide pilot training to selected candidates.
International Space Agencies: For future collaborations on international space missions, other space agencies like NASA (US), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), or Roscosmos (Russia) might be involved depending on the specific project.
Probable Astronaut Roles Who May Act On in Future
While ISRO doesn’t officially categorize astronauts into specific types publicly, their training program prepares them for diverse roles within missions. Here’s a breakdown of potential mission roles aspiring astronauts could be trained for:
Pilot: Focus: Commanding and piloting the spacecraft
Responsibilities:
- Launching and landing the spacecraft
- Monitoring and controlling spacecraft systems
- Making critical decisions during emergencies
Flight Engineer: Focus: Supporting the pilot and managing spacecraft systems
Responsibilities:
- Monitoring and operating technical systems (propulsion, navigation, life support)
- Assisting the pilot with piloting tasks
- Troubleshooting technical issues
Mission Specialist (Science): Focus: Conducting scientific experiments and research
Responsibilities:
- Developing and operating scientific instruments
- Collecting and analyzing scientific data
- Contributing to mission planning and research objectives
Mission Specialist (Payload Specialist): Focus: Operating and maintaining specific mission payloads (satellites, experiments)
Responsibilities:
- Deploying and operating mission-specific payloads
- Monitoring payload performance and troubleshooting issues
- Collaborating with scientists on the ground
Mission Specialist (Medical Doctor): Focus: Providing medical care and monitoring crew health
Responsibilities:
- Performing medical examinations and assessments
- Administering medical treatment
- Monitoring crew health and ensuring their well-being during the mission
These roles are not mutually exclusive. Astronauts might be trained to fulfil multiple roles depending on their expertise and mission requirements. Future missions might evolve and require new specialized roles from astronauts. ISRO’s selection process might not explicitly mention these specific roles but look for skills and experience that align with these potential mission needs.
Training Facilities:
Multiple Training Centers: ISRO likely has a network of training centers spread across India, each specializing in different aspects of astronaut training.
Centrifuges: These high-tech machines create artificial gravity by spinning astronauts, allowing them to experience the G-forces encountered during launch and re-entry.
Space Simulation Chambers: These chambers replicate the harsh environment of space, including vacuum, extreme temperatures, and radiation. Astronauts can practice tasks and procedures in a controlled environment that mimics space conditions.
Hydrology Laboratory: Large pools might be used for underwater training to simulate the microgravity environment and the challenges of performing tasks underwater (similar to the neutral buoyancy experienced in space).
Mockups and Simulators: These full-scale replicas of spacecraft modules and flight simulators allow astronauts to practice operating various systems, conducting spacewalks in a simulated environment, and perfecting emergency procedures.
Classrooms and Laboratories: Traditional classrooms and labs likely equip astronauts with theoretical knowledge and allow them to practice scientific experiments relevant to their missions.
Survival Training Facilities: These might include isolated locations or specialized areas for practicing emergency scenarios like desert survival or water landings.
Medical Facilities: Advanced medical facilities and equipment would be crucial for monitoring astronaut health throughout the training program.
ISRO, known for its technological advancements, likely incorporates virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) into astronaut training. VR simulations can immerse astronauts in realistic space scenarios, while AR can overlay critical information onto their field of vision during training exercises.
For specific training aspects, ISRO might collaborate with international space agencies like NASA or JAXA, allowing astronauts to access specialized training facilities or expertise not readily available in India.
Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC):
Located in Bengaluru, Karnataka, the Human Space Flight Centre serves as the focal point for India’s human spaceflight program. HSFC oversees astronaut selection, training, and mission planning for crewed space missions. The facility houses training modules, simulators, and mock-ups of spacecraft and space station modules to simulate various aspects of spaceflight. Under the jurisdiction of ISRO, this facility is responsible for the implementation and pilot trainings for the Gaganyaan project.
ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment (ISITE):
Located in Bengaluru, Karnataka, ISITE is responsible for integrating and testing satellite payloads and spacecraft systems. ISITE’s facilities may be utilized for certain aspects of astronaut training, particularly related to spacecraft systems and operations. The establishment features four cutting-edge facilities tailored for satellite assembly, integration, and testing. The Assembly, Integration & Test (AIT) clean room boasts dimensions of 55×34 meters and a height of 60 meters, capable of accommodating satellites up to 6.5 meters in height and integrating over 800 elements. Operating under controlled temperatures ranging from 1 to 22 degrees Celsius and maintaining a cleanliness level of 1 lakh particles per cubic meter, the AIT includes an Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) floor to mitigate static charges. The Comprehensive Assembly & Test Vacuum Chamber (CATVAC) simulates space conditions to evaluate performance and balance, while the Comprehensive Assembly and Test Vibration Facility (CATVIB) produces launch-like vibrations with a capacity of 29 tons. Additionally, the Compact Antenna Test Facility (CATF) conducts automated spacecraft and antenna tests to ensure optimal RF energy coverage. Furthermore, the ISITE Acoustic Test Facility, equipped with a 1500 cubic metres Reverberation Chamber, facilitates qualification and acceptance acoustic tests for ISRO’s satellites, boasting features such as a helical spring system for modal tests and an air-lock area with oxygen sensors and clean atmosphere maintenance. These facilities play pivotal roles in ensuring the reliability and functionality of spacecraft systems and payloads destined for space missions.
However, for the most important missions, there always lie a catch. There are several specific reasons why ISRO might prefer candidates with experience in the Indian Air Force (IAF) or piloting skills in general for the most impactful space programmes.
Pilot Skills and Experience:
- Spacecraft Piloting: Some ISRO missions might involve astronauts piloting or co-piloting the spacecraft during launch, docking, and re-entry. IAF pilots already possess these piloting skills and experience with complex aircraft systems.
- Quick Decision-Making: Pilots are trained to make quick decisions under pressure, a crucial skill for handling unexpected situations during spaceflight.
- Spatial Awareness: The ability to understand and navigate in a three-dimensional environment is essential for both pilots and astronauts. IAF training hones these spatial awareness skills.
- Instrument Familiarization: Pilots are accustomed to working with and interpreting complex instrument panels, which translates well to understanding and operating spacecraft control systems.
Discipline and Mental Toughness:
- Military Training: The rigorous training and discipline instilled in IAF pilots translate well to the demands of astronaut training and space missions. They are accustomed to following strict procedures and working effectively under challenging conditions.
- Stress Management: Pilots are trained to manage stress in high-pressure situations, which is crucial for coping with the psychological demands of spaceflight.
Physical Fitness:
- Meeting Physical Requirements: IAF pilots already undergo stringent physical fitness tests to ensure they meet the demanding requirements. This translates to a good starting point for the additional physical conditioning required for spaceflight.
Regardless of which type of experienced person is favoured for which type of mission, this journey of becoming an astronaut will be an experience like no other whoever is pursuing. For every new-gen astronauts and the upcoming ones, all of these training facilities are a treat to the eyes and body. Once again with the correct proportion of dedication, determination, personal upskilling, fitness and preparation, you can definitely become the one person trying to touch the extra-terrestrials – a magical feat the whole nation would look up to.